Chapter 10 (Biotechnology and its Applications)

the genius April 07, 2026

 

Biotechnology and its Applications: Class 12 Biology Chapter 10 Full Guide

Biotechnology sirf lab tak restricted nahi hai; yeh hamari thali ke khane se lekar hamari dawaiyon tak har jagah maujood hai. Is chapter mein hum samjhenge ki kaise GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) ne hamari zindagi badal di hai.

1. Biotechnology Applications in Agriculture

Kheti mein biotechnology ka use karke humne aisi faslein (crops) banayi hain jo keedon (pests) se lad sakti hain aur kam paani mein bhi ug sakti hain.

A. Bt Cotton (Sabse Important Topic)

  • Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) ek bacteria hai jo ek toxic protein banata hai jise "Cry protein" kehte hain.

  • Yeh protein keede (insects) ke pet mein jaakar active ho jata hai aur unhe maar deta hai.

  • Iske liye zimmedar genes hain: cryIAc, cryIIAb (cotton bollworms ke liye) aur cryIAb (corn borer ke liye).

B. Pest Resistant Plants (RNA Interference - RNAi)

  • Nematode Meloidogyne incognita tobacco ke paudhon ki jadon (roots) ko khatam kar deta tha.

  • RNAi technology ka use karke humne aise plants banaye jo is nematode ko apne aap maar dete hain.

2. Biotechnology Applications in Medicine

Dawaiyon ke maamle mein biotechnology ne kranti (revolution) la di hai.

A. Genetically Engineered Insulin (Humulin)

  • Pehle insulin janwaron se nikala jata tha, jisse logon ko allergy hoti thi.

  • 1983 mein Eli Lilly (American company) ne DNA technology se insaani insulin banaya.

  • Structure: Insulin mein do chains hoti hain (A aur B) jo Disulphide bonds se judi hoti hain. Ismein se C-peptide ko nikaal diya jata hai taaki wo mature ho sake.

B. Gene Therapy

  • Agar kisi bache mein koi kharab gene hai, toh use theek karna hi Gene Therapy hai.

  • Pehli gene therapy 1990 mein ek 4 saal ki bachi ko di gayi thi jise ADA (Adenosine Deaminase) deficiency thi.

C. Molecular Diagnosis

Bimari ka jaldi pata lagane ke liye purane tarike (Blood/Urine test) kaafi nahi hain. Iske liye modern tarike use hote hain:

  • ELISA: Antibodies aur antigens ke interaction par based hai.

  • PCR: Bahut kam matra mein virus ya bacteria ka pata lagane ke liye.

3. Transgenic Animals

Aise janwar jinka DNA badal diya gaya ho, unhe Transgenic Animals kehte hain (95% mice hote hain).

  • Kyun banaye jate hain? Normal physiology ki study ke liye, bimariyon ke ilaj ke liye, aur vaccine ki safety check karne ke liye.

  • Rosie Cow (1997): Pehli transgenic gaay (cow) jisne protein-enriched doodh (Alpha-lactalbumin) diya, jo insaani bacho ke liye bahut achha tha.

4. Ethical Issues, Biopiracy aur Patents

Jab hum technology ka use karte hain, toh kuch rules ka dhyan rakhna padta hai:

  • GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee): Bharat ki wo body jo decide karti hai ki kaunsa GMO experiment safe hai.

  • Biopiracy: Kisi desh ke resources (jaise Basmati Rice ya Neem) ko bina permission ke use karna.

  • Patent: Apni nayi khoj (invention) par adhikaar lena.

Conclusion

Chapter 10 exams ke liye bahut scoring hai. Bt Cotton, Insulin structure, aur ADA deficiency par har saal sawal aate hain. NCERT ki examples jaise "Rosie cow" aur "Basmati rice" ko dhyan se yaad karein.

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