Chapter 9 (Biotechnology: Principles and Processes)

the genius April 07, 2026

Biotechnology Principles and Processes: Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Guide

Biotechnology wo science hai jisme hum living organisms ya unke enzymes ka use karke aise products banate hain jo insaano ke liye kaam aayein. Modern biotechnology ka base Genetic Engineering par tika hai.

1. Principles of Biotechnology

Biotechnology ke do main pillar hote hain:

  1. Genetic Engineering: DNA ya RNA ke structure ko badal kar use host organism mein dalna taaki uska phenotype badal jaye.

  2. Bioprocess Engineering: Sterile (saaf-suthre) mahol mein cells ko bade paimane par ugana taaki Antibiotics, Vaccines, ya Enzymes banaye ja sakein.

2. Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology

DNA ko modify karne ke liye humein kuch "auzaaron" ki zaroori hoti hai:

A. Restriction Enzymes (Molecular Scissors)

Yeh enzymes DNA ko specific jagah se kaat-te hain.

  • Exonucleases: Jo DNA ko kinaron (ends) se kaat-te hain.

  • Endonucleases: Jo DNA ko beech mein se specific sequence par kaat-te hain (jise Palindromic sequence kehte hain).

  • Example: EcoRI ek mashhoor restriction enzyme hai.

B. Cloning Vectors (Vehicles)

DNA ke tukde ko host cell tak pahunchane ke liye humein ek carrier chahiye hota hai, jise Vector kehte hain. Sabse zyada use hone wala vector Plasmid (e.g., pBR322) hai. Ek acche vector mein ye cheezein honi chahiye:

  • Ori (Origin of replication): Jahan se replication shuru ho.

  • Selectable Marker: Jo transformed aur non-transformed cells ke beech farq bataye.

  • Cloning Sites: Jahan foreign DNA ko joda ja sake.

    • Getty Images

3. Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology (rDNA)

rDNA banane ke liye ye steps follow kiye jate hain:

  1. Isolation of DNA: Cell se DNA ko nikalna (Enzymes jaise Lysozyme ya Cellulase ka use karke).

  2. Fragmentation: Restriction enzymes se DNA ko kaatna.

  3. Amplification (PCR): Agar DNA ki matra kam hai, toh Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) se uski karoron copies banana. Ismein Taq Polymerase enzyme ka use hota hai.

  4. Ligation: DNA Ligase enzyme ki madad se "Desired DNA" aur "Vector DNA" ko jodna.

  5. Transformation: Recombinant DNA ko host cell (jaise E. coli) mein dalna.

4. Bioreactors: Bade Paimane par Production

Jab humein protein ya enzyme bahut zyada quantity mein chahiye hota hai, toh hum bade bartan ka use karte hain jise Bioreactor kehte hain (100-1000 liters).

  • Sabse common bioreactor Stirred-tank bioreactor hai, jo oxygen aur temperature ko maintain rakhta hai.

5. Downstream Processing

Product banne ke baad use market mein bhejne se pehle Separation aur Purification kiya jata hai. Is poori process ko Downstream Processing kehte hain.

Conclusion

Chapter 9 ko samajhne ke liye PCR aur Restriction enzymes ka logic clear hona chahiye. NEET mein aksar pBR322 ke diagram aur PCR ke steps (Denaturation, Annealing, Extension) se sawal aate hain.

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